Fundamental Movements:
- Flexion: Movement of the part in the sagittal plane with the angle at the joint becoming smaller.
- Extension: Return from flexion
- ABduction: Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline; for the fingers or toes, movement is away from the midline of the hand or foot; in the trunk, movement sometimes called lateral flexion
- ADDuction: return from abduction
- Internal Rotation: Also called inward or medial rotation; turning of an extremity toward the midline in the horizontal plane; (for turning the head neck and trunk called rotation to the left or right)
- External Rotation; Return of an extremity from internal rotation
- Supination: Turning the forearm so that the forearm and hand face upward when the elbow is held flexed at 90*.
- Pronation: Return of forearm from supination
- Opposition: Movement of bringing the tip of the thumb toward the tips of the fingers; motion takes place mostly at the carpometacarpal (saddle) joint of the thumb
- Reposition: Bringing the thumb back to neutral from opposition.
- Radial Deviation: Also called radial abduction; movement at the wrist with the hand moving toward the radial side.
- Ulnar Deviation: Also Ulnar adduction; movement at the wrist with the hand moving toward the ulnar side.
- Inversion: Movement of the foot so that the sole turns inward; usually accompanied by adduction or turning inward of the forefoot.
- Eversion: Movement of the foot with a slight turning of the sole outward; Usually with some abduction of the forefoot.
- Dorsi Flexion: The dorsum of the foot moves superiorly in the sagittal plane.
- Plantar Flexion: Movement of the foot toward the plantar surface in the sagital plane; downward.
- Horizontal Adduction: Movement of the abducted arm forward in the horizaontal plane (across the chest)
- Horizontal Abduction: Opposite of horizontal adduction - movement in the horizontal plane back to a position of the abducted arm.
- Circumduction: A movement possible in joints with 2 or 3 degrees of freedom; the segment itself describes a cone while the distal part moves in a circle.
Fundamental Movements of the Scapula (shoulder girdle)
- Elevation: The shoulder girdle moves upward.
- Depression: The shoulder girdle moves downward
- Protraction: Also called abduction since the scapulae move away from the vertebral column; the tips of the shoulders move forward so that the arms are in a more forward position.
- Retraction: Reverse movement of protraction; also called adduction as the scapulae move toward the vertebral column.
- Upward Rotation: The scapula rotates so that the glenoid cavity moves upward.
- Downward Rotation: The reverse of upward rotation.
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